Whereas the key words for humanistic therapy are acceptance andgrowth, the major themes of existential therapy are clientresponsibility and freedom. This chapterbroadly defines some of the major concepts of these two therapeutic approaches anddescribes how they can be applied to brief therapy in the treatment of substanceabuse disorders. A short case illustrates how each theory would approach theclient's issues. Many of the characteristics of these therapies have beenincorporated into other therapeutic approaches such as narrative therapy.
Humanistic and existential approaches share a belief that people have the capacityfor self-awareness and choice. However, the two schools come to this belief throughdifferent theories. The humanistic perspective views human nature as basically good,with an inherent potential to maintain healthy, meaningful relationships and to makechoices that are in the interest of oneself and others. The humanistic therapistfocuses on helping people free themselves from disabling assumptions and attitudesso they can live fuller lives. The therapist emphasizes growth andself-actualization rather than curing diseases or alleviating disorders. Thisperspective targets present conscious processes rather than unconscious processesand past causes, but like the existential approach, it holds that people have aninherent capacity for responsible self-direction. For the humanistic therapist, notbeing one's true self is the source of problems. The therapeutic relationship servesas a vehicle or context in which the process of psychological growth is fostered.The humanistic therapist tries to create a therapeutic relationship that is warm andaccepting and that trusts that the client's inner drive is to actualize in a healthydirection.
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In general, brief therapy demands the rapid formation of a therapeutic alliancecompared with long-term treatment modalities. These therapies address factorsshaping substance abuse disorders, such as lack of meaning in one's life, fear ofdeath or failure, alienation from others, and spiritual emptiness. Humanistic andexistential therapies penetrate at a deeper level to issues related to substanceabuse disorders, often serving as a catalyst for seeking alternatives to substancesto fill the void the client is experiencing. The counselor's empathy and acceptance,as well as the insight gained by the client, contribute to the client's recovery byproviding opportunities for her to make new existential choices, beginning with aninformed decision to use or abstain from substances. These therapies can add for theclient a dimension of self-respect, self-motivation, and self-growth that willbetter facilitate his treatment. Humanistic and existential therapeutic approachesmay be particularly appropriate for short-term substance abuse treatment becausethey tend to facilitate therapeutic rapport, increase self-awareness, focus onpotential inner resources, and establish the client as the person responsible forrecovery. Thus, clients may be more likely to see beyond the limitations ofshort-term treatment and envision recovery as a lifelong process of working to reachtheir full potential.
The opening session is extremely important in brief therapy for building analliance, developing therapeutic rapport, and creating a climate of mutualrespect. Although the approaches discussed in this chapter have differentways of addressing the client's problems, the opening session should attemptthe following: Start to develop the alliance Emphasize the client's freedom of choice and potential formeaningful changeArticulate expectations and goals of therapy (how goals are to bereached)
53. These situations have caused sister earth, along with all the abandoned of our world, to cry out, pleading that we take another course. Never have we so hurt and mistreated our common home as we have in the last two hundred years. Yet we are called to be instruments of God our Father, so that our planet might be what he desired when he created it and correspond with his plan for peace, beauty and fullness. The problem is that we still lack the culture needed to confront this crisis. We lack leadership capable of striking out on new paths and meeting the needs of the present with concern for all and without prejudice towards coming generations. The establishment of a legal framework which can set clear boundaries and ensure the protection of ecosystems has become indispensable; otherwise, the new power structures based on the techno-economic paradigm may overwhelm not only our politics but also freedom and justice.
182. An assessment of the environmental impact of business ventures and projects demands transparent political processes involving a free exchange of views. On the other hand, the forms of corruption which conceal the actual environmental impact of a given project, in exchange for favours, usually produce specious agreements which fail to inform adequately and to allow for full debate.
223. Such sobriety, when lived freely and consciously, is liberating. It is not a lesser life or one lived with less intensity. On the contrary, it is a way of living life to the full. In reality, those who enjoy more and live better each moment are those who have given up dipping here and there, always on the look-out for what they do not have. They experience what it means to appreciate each person and each thing, learning familiarity with the simplest things and how to enjoy them. So they are able to shed unsatisfied needs, reducing their obsessiveness and weariness. Even living on little, they can live a lot, above all when they cultivate other pleasures and find satisfaction in fraternal encounters, in service, in developing their gifts, in music and art, in contact with nature, in prayer. Happiness means knowing how to limit some needs which only diminish us, and being open to the many different possibilities which life can offer.
The MCBS has been collecting data on Medicare beneficiaries for over 30 years and has conducted over 1 million interviews. The MCBS has three data releases annually as well as an annual Chart Book of key estimates from the survey. The MCBS provides a public use file (PUF) and accompanying documentation free for download on the MCBS PUF page. The MCBS PUF is an easy to use data file with select data items that allow researchers to conduct analysis on access to and satisfaction with healthcare, and medical conditions for Medicare beneficiaries living in the community. Additionally, there are two detailed data releases from the Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey (MCBS) that are released annually which can be obtained directly from CMS and require a data use agreement. All research requests for MCBS data for the two limited access data releases must be requested through the Limited Data Set File Process. You will find instructions here: Limited Data Set (LDS) Files.
Research reports, executive summaries, case studies, and guidebooks, and specialized data including the Fair Market Rents and Income Limits are available online at HUDUSER. Most items can be downloaded or ordered in printed copy as well.
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This landmark article - which was orginally given in the form of a speech - provides several key insights into Lev Vygotsky's theories of play. You can download a free full-text PDF of this classic work via the following link. 2ff7e9595c
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